| Plural nouns | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
| + -s Bir çok isim -s takısı eklenerek çoğul yapılır. |
book | books |
| apple | apples | |
| photo | photos | |
| + -es -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x harfleriyle biten isimler -es takısı alarak çoğul olurlar. |
bus | buses |
| dress | dresses | |
| box | boxes | |
| -f/-fe --> -ves -f, -fe harfleriyle biten isimler, bu harfler kaldırılarak, yerine -ves takısı eklenerek çoğul olurlar. |
wolf | wolves |
| life | lives | |
| knife | knives | |
| y --> -ies -y harfiyle biten isimler, bu harfin, yerine -ies takısı eklenerek çoğul yapılır. |
family | families |
| city | cities | |
| country | countries | |
| Irregular nouns Bazı isimlerin çoğul yapılmasının kuralı yoktur. |
man | men |
| child | children | |
| foot | feet |
Verb Tenses
Verb Structures
Modal verb + infinitive
Verb + -ing
Verb + to + infinitive
| Present Simple | I/you/we/they | He/she/it |
| + -s He/she/it zamirlerini veya bunların karşılığı isim içeren Present Simple cümlelerde fiile -s takısı getirilir. |
walk | walks |
| leave | leaves | |
| photo | photos | |
| + -es He/she/it zamirlerini veya bunların karşılığı isim içeren Present Simple cümlelerde fiil -ss, -sh, -ch, -0 harfleri ile bitiyorsa -es takısı getirilir. |
pass | passes |
| finish | finishes | |
| teach | teaches | |
| go | goes | |
| do | does | |
| y ---> -ies He/she/it zamirlerini veya bunların karşılığı isim içeren Present Simple cümlelerde fiil y harfi ile bitiyorsa, y harfi yerine -ies takısı getirilir. |
cry | cries |
| try | tries | |
| fly | flies |
| -ing forms | INFINITIVE | -ing FORM |
| + -ing Bir çok fiil -ing takısı ile kullanılır. |
walk | walking |
| go | going | |
| e + -ing -e harfi ile biten fiiller, -e harfi kaldırılarak, -ing eki getirilir. |
come | coming |
| have | having | |
| take | taking | |
| make | making | |
| ie ---> -ying -ie harfleri ile biten fiillerde, -ie harfleri kaldırılarak, -ying eki getirilir. |
lie | lying |
| die | dying | |
| -t ---> -tting Bir ünlü, bir ünsüz harfle biten fiilerde ünsüz harf iki defa yazılır. |
get | getting |
| run | running | |
| shop | shopping | |
| +ing Şu durumlarda ünsiz harf iki kez yazılmaz. (1) fiil y veya w ile bitiyorsa. (2) Son hece vurgulu olmadığı zaman |
play | playing |
| snow | snowing | |
| remember | remembering | |
| visit | visiting | |
| listen | listening |
| Regular verbs: Past Simple and Past Participle | INFINITIVE | Past Simple | Past Participle |
| + -ed Bir çok fiil -ed takısı alır. |
walk | walked | walked |
| finish | finished | finished | |
| + -d -e harfi ile biten fiiler -d takısı alır. |
live | lived | lived |
| phone | phoned | phoned | |
| y ---> -ies Bir ünsüz + -y harfi ile biten fiilerdeki -y harfi -ied ile değişir. |
apply | applied | applied |
| try | tried | tried | |
| p ---> -pped Bir sesli + bir sessiz harf ile biten fiilerdeki sessiz harf iki kez yazılır ve -ed eklenir. |
stop | stopped | stopped |
| plan | planned | planned | |
| + -ed Şu durumlarda ünsüz harf iki kez yazılmaz. (1) fiil y veya w harfi ile bitiyorsa. (2) son hece vurgulu değilse. |
stay | stayed | stayed |
| listen | listened | listened | |
| happen | happened | happened | |
| open | opened | opened | |
| visit | visited | visited |
| Comparative and Superlative adjectives | ADJECTIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
| + -er/-est Bir heceli sıfatlara -er/-est takıları eklenir. |
long | longer | the longest |
| tall | taller | the tallest | |
| young | younger | the youngest | |
| cheap | cheaper | the cheapest | |
| -g ---> -gger Kısa sıfat bir ünlü ve bir ünsüz harfle bitiyorsa ünsüz harf iki kez yazılır. |
big | bigger | the biggest |
| hot | hotter | the hottest | |
| fat | fatter | the fattest | |
| more / most İki ve daha fazla heceli sıfatlardan önce more / the most yazılır. |
expensive | more expensive | the most expensive |
| famous | more famous | the most famous | |
| y ---> -ier/-iest -y harfi ile biten sıfatlarda -y harfi kalkar, yerine -ier/i-est ekleri gelir. |
easy | easier | the easiest |
| happy | happier | the happiest | |
| Irregular adjectives | good | better | the best |
| bad | worse | the worst |
| Adverbs | ADJECTIVE | ADVERB |
| + -ly Bir çok sıfat -ly eki alarak zarf olur. |
quick | quickly |
| bad | badly | |
| slow | slowly | |
| y ---> -ily y harfi ile biten sıfatlarda y harfi -ily ile değiştirilerek zarf oluşturulur. |
easy | easily |
| happy | happily | |
| lucky | luckily | |
| Irregular adverbs | good | well |
| fast | fast | |
| hard | hard | |
| late | late |
| UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS | |
| Sık kullanılan sayılamayan isimler | ice, water, rain, snow, heat, noise, cotton, glass, petrol, money, luggage, information, work, homework, advice, news, meat, milk, butter, bread, marmalade, food, tea, coffee, sugar, toast, cheese |
| Çoğul biçimi olmayan sayılamayan isimler | Petrol (Not petrols) bread (Not breads) |
| Sayılamayan isimlerle a/an ön ekleri kullanılmaz fakat some/any, the, much, such ve my, your, his gibi kelimeler kullanılabilir. | a : I always have a an egg, and then toast and marmalade for breakfast. some: I'd like some tea please. the: Look at the snow outside. much: How much luggage have you got? such: We've had such wonderful news. |
| Bazı isimler hem sayılabilir, hem sayılamaz olarak kullanılabilir. | I heard a noise from downstairs. (countable) I can't sleep. The neighbours are making so much noise. (uncountable) |
| Present Simple | I/you/we/they | He/she/it |
| + -s he/she/it zamirlerini içeren cümlelerdeki bir çok fiil -s takısı alarak Present Simple cümle oluşturur. |
work | works |
| leave | leaves | |
| use | uses | |
| + -es -ss,-sh,-ch,-o harfleri ile biten fiiller -es takısı alır. |
pass | passes |
| wash | washes | |
| teach | teaches | |
| go | goes | |
| do | does | |
| y ---> -ies Bir heceli - y harfi ile biten fiillerde -y harfi yerine -ies yazılır |
cry | cries |
| try | tries | |
| fly | flies |
| Present Simple | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/you/we/they | start | do not start | Do I start? |
| (I don't start) | |||
| He/she/it | starts | does not start | Does he start? |
| (it doesn't start) |
| Present Continuous | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I | am starting | am not starting | Am I starting? |
| (I'm starting | (I'm not starting) | ||
| You/we/they | are starting | are not starting | Are you starting? |
| (we're starting) | (aren't starting) | ||
| He/she/it | is starting | is not starting | Is she starting? |
| (it's starting) | (isn't starting) |
| Past Simple | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/you/he/she/it/we/they | started | did not start | Did you start? |
| (didn't start) |
| Past Continuous | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/he/she/it | was cooking | was not cooking | Was he cooking? |
| (wasn't cooking) | |||
| You/we/they | were cooking | were not cooking | Were you cooking? |
| (weren't cooking) |
| Present Perfect | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/you/we/they | have started | have not started | Have they started? |
| (I've started) | (haven't started) | ||
| He/she/it | has started | has not started | Has she started? |
| (he's started | (hasn't started) |
| Present Perfect Continuous | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/you/we/they | have been cooking | have not been cooking | Have you been cooking? |
| (I've been cooking) | (haven't been cooking) | ||
| He/she/it | has been cooking | has not been cooking | Has she been cooking? |
| (he's been cooking) | (hasn't been cooking) |
| Past Perfect | POSITIVE full forms (Short forms) |
NEGATIVE full forms (Short forms) |
QUESTIONS |
| I/you/he/she/it/we/they | had cooked | had not cooked | Had they cooked? |
| (she'd cooked) | (hadn't cooked) |
| Present Simple | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| I know the answer. | I dont't cook very well. | Do you like Indian food? |
| Jane walks to school. | She doesn't like him. | Does John drive to work? |
| Present Continuous | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| I'm writing a letter. | I'm not sleeping. | Am I winning? |
| He's reading a book. | It isn't working. | Is she waiting for you? |
| They're playing football. | We aren't using it at the moment. | What are you cooking? |
| Past Simple | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| I cooked the dinner last night. | They didn't have a holiday last year. | Did you see John yesterday? |
| Past Continuous | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| She was watching the TV. | The fridge wasn't working. | Was it raining? |
| We were talking to the doctor. | They weren't enjoying the film. | Where were you staying? |
| Present Perfect | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| I've lost my car keys. | We haven't paid the bill. | Have you heard the news? |
| He's found a new job. | It hasn't rained for weeks. | Has the train arrived yet? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| We've been staying with some friends. | You haven't been doing well at school. | Have you been waiting long? |
| He's been saving his money for a holiday. | He hasn't been running. | What have you been doing? |
| Past Perfect | ||
| POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | QUESTIONS |
| I had posted the letter. | He hadn't arrived. | Had it finished? |
| MODAL | INFINITIVE | ||
| She | can | swim. | |
| He | could | be | right. |
| Jane | may | be | at home. |
| It | might | come | tomorrow. |
| I | must | finish | this today. |
| You | needn't | go | to the shops. |
| I | shall | arrive | at six o'clock. |
| You | should | ask | her. |
| Mark | will | be | happy. |
| Tom | would | like | to come. |
| VERB | +ing FORM | ||
| James | enjoys | travelling. | |
| They've | finished | repairing | the car. |
| He | keeps | asking | questions. |
| She's | stopped | smoking. |
| VERB | to | INFINITIVE | |
| I | decided | to go | to America. |
| She | hopes | to get | a job soon. |
| We | ought | to tell | the police. |
| I | promise | to write | to you. |
| He | refused | to talk | to me. |
| She | used | to smoke. | |
| Jane | wants | to be | a doctor. |
| Şahıs Zamiri | Mülkiyet Sıfatı | -i ve -e hali | Mülkiyet Zamiri | Self | |||||
| I | ben | my | benim | me | beni, bana | mine | benimki | myself | kendim |
| you | sen | your | senin | you | seni, sana | yours | seninki | yourself | kendin |
| he | o | his | onun (erkek) | him | onu, ona | his | onunki | himself | kendi |
| she | o | her | onun (kadın) | her | onu, ona | hers | onunki | herself | kendi |
| it | o | its | onun (cansız ve hayvan) | it | onu, ona | its | onunki | itself | kendi |
| we | biz | our | bizim | us | bizi, bize | ours | bizimki | ourselves | kendimiz |
| you | siz | your | sizin | you | sizi, size | yours | sizinki | yourselves | kendiniz |
| they | onlar | their | onların | them | onları, onlara | theirs | onlarınki | themselves | kendileri |